Math & science · 1911
Atomic nucleus
Rutherford finds almost all of an atom's mass in a tiny central nucleus.
Alpha particles fired at gold foil occasionally bounced straight back, which only a dense nucleus could explain. It defined the modern picture of the atom and the field of nuclear physics.
What it built on 2
What it led to 3
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
Nuclear electricity generation Latest: 2.81k TWh (2025) Source: Our World in Data