Stone to Silicon

Math & science · 1911

Atomic nucleus

Rutherford finds almost all of an atom's mass in a tiny central nucleus.

Alpha particles fired at gold foil occasionally bounced straight back, which only a dense nucleus could explain. It defined the modern picture of the atom and the field of nuclear physics.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

What it led to 3

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Nuclear electricity generation Latest: 2.81k TWh (2025) Source: Our World in Data