Stone to Silicon

Communication · c. 8,000 BCE

Clay accounting tokens

Small clay cones, spheres and discs stand for jars of grain and heads of livestock.

Across the Neolithic Near East, farmers used shaped clay tokens to keep track of stored goods, a system traced by Denise Schmandt-Besserat. Sealed in clay envelopes and later impressed on their surfaces, tokens became the direct ancestor of the first written numerals.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 3

What it led to 2

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Share of people living in cities Latest: 57.5 % (2025) Source: Our World in Data

World GDP over a million years Latest: 41k billion 1990 international $ (2000) Source: DeLong 1998, Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present; Wikipedia: Gross world product (DeLong table, cross-check)