Communication · c. 8,000 BCE
Clay accounting tokens
Small clay cones, spheres and discs stand for jars of grain and heads of livestock.
Across the Neolithic Near East, farmers used shaped clay tokens to keep track of stored goods, a system traced by Denise Schmandt-Besserat. Sealed in clay envelopes and later impressed on their surfaces, tokens became the direct ancestor of the first written numerals.
What it built on 3
What it led to 2
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
Share of people living in cities Latest: 57.5 % (2025) Source: Our World in Data
World GDP over a million years Latest: 41k billion 1990 international $ (2000) Source: DeLong 1998, Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present; Wikipedia: Gross world product (DeLong table, cross-check)