Stone to Silicon

Communication · c. 800 BCE

Greek alphabet

Greeks repurpose unused Phoenician letters as vowels, creating the first full alphabet.

By about 800 BCE Greeks had adapted Phoenician letters and assigned some to vowel sounds, so a text could be read aloud by someone who did not already know the words. It carried Homer, philosophy and science, and was the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 1

What it led to 2

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Literacy rate, England/UK since 1475 Latest: 98.5 % (1950) Source: Our World in Data

Literate share of the world Latest: 87.7 % (2024) Source: Our World in Data