Artificial intelligence · 1982
Hopfield network
A recurrent network whose memories are energy minima, reviving neural net research.
John Hopfield showed that a symmetric network of binary neurons stores patterns as stable states of an energy function and recalls them from partial cues. It connected neural nets to statistical physics and earned Hopfield a share of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics.
What it built on 2
What it led to 2
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
Training compute of notable AI models Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models (CC BY 4.0)
Computation per constant dollar, 1850-2006 Latest: 7.3B million units of computer power per 2006 $ (2003) Source: Nordhaus 2007, Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing, J. Econ. Hist. 67(1), Table 6