Stone to Silicon

Food & agriculture · 1864

Pasteurization

Gentle heating killed the microbes that spoil wine and milk without boiling the flavour away.

Louis Pasteur developed the process in 1864 to stop wine souring. Applied to milk from the late 19th century, it sharply reduced tuberculosis, typhoid and infant diarrhoea in cities.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Child mortality (under 5) Latest: 3.74 % (2024) Source: Our World in Data

Life expectancy in the UK since 1543 Latest: 81.3 years (2023) Source: Our World in Data

Height of men by birth year, UK Latest: 177 cm (1980) Source: Our World in Data