Artificial intelligence · 1969

Perceptrons (book)

Minsky and Papert prove single-layer perceptrons cannot compute XOR.

Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert's Perceptrons rigorously mapped what one-layer networks cannot learn. It was widely read as a verdict against neural networks, and funding shifted to symbolic AI for over a decade until multilayer training arrived.

See it in the living tree Wikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 1

Perceptron 1958

What it led to 1

First AI winter 1974

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Training compute of notable AI models Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models (CC BY 4.0)

Computation per constant dollar, 1850-2006 Latest: 7.3B million units of computer power per 2006 $ (2003) Source: Nordhaus 2007, Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing, J. Econ. Hist. 67(1), Table 6