Energy · 2023

Perovskite-silicon tandem record

Stacking perovskite on silicon beats the single-junction efficiency limit.

In November 2023 LONGi reported a certified 33.9% perovskite-on-silicon tandem, above the 33.7% theoretical limit for any single junction, and it reached 34.85% in 2025. Oxford PV began shipping tandem modules in 2024.

See it in the living tree Wikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

Perovskite solar cell 2009
PERC solar cell 1989

What it led to 1

Space-based solar power ~2045

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Solar PV module price Latest: 0.12 $/W (2025 USD) (2025) Source: Our World in Data

Installed solar capacity Latest: 2.4k GW (2025) Source: Our World in Data