Stone to Silicon

Materials · 1948

Basic oxygen steelmaking

Pure oxygen blown into iron makes a heat of steel in under an hour.

Robert Durrer demonstrated oxygen steelmaking at Gerlafingen, Switzerland, in 1948. VÖEST commercialized the LD process at Linz in 1952. It replaced open hearth and now makes about 70 percent of the world's steel.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

What it led to 1

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

CO2 emissions Latest: 39B t (2025) Source: Our World in Data