Stone to Silicon

Communication · 1986

NSFNET backbone

A national science backbone connects universities and grows into the commercial internet.

The US National Science Foundation's NSFNET, launched in 1986, linked supercomputer centers and regional networks, reaching T3 speeds of 45 Mbit/s by 1991. When commercial restrictions lifted and it was retired in 1995, private providers took over and the internet opened to everyone.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Internet users in the United States Latest: 322M people (2024) Source: Our World in Data

Share of people online Latest: 73.6 % (2025) Source: Our World in Data