Communication · 1878
Telephone exchange
A switchboard lets any subscriber call any other, and the phone becomes a network.
The first commercial exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut, in January 1878 with 21 subscribers. Switching turned point-to-point lines into a network whose value grew with each user; Almon Strowger's automatic exchange followed in 1891.
What it built on 1
What it led to 2
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
US households with a landline phone Latest: 41.7 % of households (2018) Source: Our World in Data
Fixed telephone lines per 100 people Latest: 9.9 per 100 people (2025) Source: Our World in Data