Stone to Silicon

Materials · 1709

Coke-fired iron smelting

Coal baked into coke replaces scarce charcoal in the blast furnace.

Abraham Darby I smelted iron with coke at Coalbrookdale in 1709. Iron production was freed from forests, a key step toward the Industrial Revolution.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

What it led to 13

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Output of key industries in England, 1270-1870 Latest: Coal: 3.77k index (1700=100) (1870) Source: Our World in Data

UK coal production since 1700 Latest: 2.17M tonnes (2019) Source: Our World in Data

Fossil fuel consumption Latest: 144k TWh (2025) Source: Our World in Data