Health & biology · 2005
Modified mRNA
Swapping uridine for pseudouridine let injected mRNA avoid triggering inflammation.
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman published the key finding in 2005. It made mRNA usable as a medicine and earned the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
What it built on 2
What it led to 2
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
Childhood vaccine coverage Latest: DTP3: 85 % of one-year-olds (2025) Source: Our World in Data