Stone to Silicon

Energy · 1913

Thermal cracking

Heat and pressure break heavy oil into more gasoline.

William Merriam Burton's process at Standard Oil of Indiana, patented in 1913, roughly doubled the gasoline yield from a barrel of crude. It let refineries keep up with the explosion of automobiles after the Model T.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 2

What it led to 1

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Crude oil price since 1861 Latest: 435 current US$ per m3 (2025) Source: Our World in Data

Private cars in the UK Latest: 22M cars (1998) Source: Our World in Data

Fossil fuel consumption Latest: 144k TWh (2025) Source: Our World in Data