Stone to Silicon

Transport & space · 1876

Internal combustion engine

Otto's four-stroke engine burns fuel inside the cylinder, compact power for any vehicle.

Nicolaus Otto's 1876 engine used the intake, compression, power and exhaust cycle, delivering far better efficiency than earlier gas engines. It was light and self-contained compared with steam. It became the power source for cars, aircraft, tractors and generators.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 4

What it led to 8

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Private cars in the UK Latest: 22M cars (1998) Source: Our World in Data

US households with a car Latest: 91 % of households (2005) Source: Our World in Data

Crude oil price since 1861 Latest: 435 current US$ per m3 (2025) Source: Our World in Data