Computing · around 2035
Zettascale computing
Projection
A single system performs a thousand times more operations per second than the first exascale machines.
Frontier passed the exascale mark in 2022. Zettascale machines, likely at lower numeric precision for AI, would train and run models and simulations far beyond today's.
Why it’s plausible: AI clusters are growing faster than historical supercomputer trends; it depends on continued chip scaling, advanced packaging and gigawatt-class power supply.
What it built on 7
What it led to 1
Related measurements
Fastest computer in the world Latest: 2.2×10¹⁸ operations per second (2026) Source: Wikipedia: List of fastest computers; Wikipedia: History of supercomputing
Fastest supercomputer Latest: 1.81B GFLOP/s (2025) Source: Our World in Data
Training compute of notable AI models Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models (CC BY 4.0)