Stone to Silicon

Artificial intelligence · 2017

Transformer

'Attention Is All You Need': drop recurrence, use attention, and train in parallel.

Eight Google researchers replaced RNNs with stacked self-attention and feedforward layers. The transformer set translation records while training far faster on GPUs. It became the architecture of nearly every major AI system that followed, from BERT and GPT to AlphaFold 2.

See it in the living treeWikipedia

Arcs above join it to what it stood on, arcs below to what it led to. The bar places this stretch on the tree's whole timeline.

What it built on 3

What it led to 17

Related measurements

The dashed line marks when it first worked.

Training compute of notable AI models Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models (CC BY 4.0)

ML hardware FLOP/s per dollar Source: Epoch AI, ML hardware (CC BY 4.0)