Artificial intelligence · 2017
Transformer
'Attention Is All You Need': drop recurrence, use attention, and train in parallel.
Eight Google researchers replaced RNNs with stacked self-attention and feedforward layers. The transformer set translation records while training far faster on GPUs. It became the architecture of nearly every major AI system that followed, from BERT and GPT to AlphaFold 2.
What it built on 3
What it led to 17
- BERT 2018
- GPT-1 2018
- AlphaStar 2019
- AlphaFold 2 2020
- Vision transformer 2020
- Nvidia H100 2022
- PaLM 2022
- Whisper 2022
- AI music generation 2023
- AlphaGeometry 2024
- Figure humanoids at BMW 2024
- AI-designed viable genomes 2025
- AlphaGenome 2026
- Universal real-time translation ~2028
- General-purpose factory robots ~2030
- Artificial general intelligence ~2032
- Humanoid robots in homes ~2036
Related measurements
The dashed line marks when it first worked.
Training compute of notable AI models Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models (CC BY 4.0)
ML hardware FLOP/s per dollar Source: Epoch AI, ML hardware (CC BY 4.0)